Chapter 2. Biological Systems Used in Molecular Biotechnology
I. Prokaryotic organisms II. Eukaryotic organisms III. Viruses
I. Prokaryotic organisms
II. Eukaryotic organisms
III. Viruses
Basic Biological Systems Used in Molecular Biotechnology
I. Prokaryotes (bacteria) See Table 2.1
Escherichia coli The workhorse for basic research and construction of recombinant DNA molecules Used for cloning, mutation and expression of foreign genes Host for bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) Agrobacterium tumefaciens Transfer of foreign genes into plants Corynebacterium glutamicum & other specialized strains Industrial production e.g. amino acids
Escherichia coli
The workhorse for basic research and construction of recombinant DNA molecules Used for cloning, mutation and expression of foreign genes Host for bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)
The workhorse for basic research and construction of recombinant DNA molecules
Used for cloning, mutation and expression of foreign genes Host for bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)
Used for cloning, mutation and expression of foreign genes
Host for bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Transfer of foreign genes into plants
Corynebacterium glutamicum & other specialized strains
Industrial production e.g. amino acids
II. Eukaryotes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) Uses similar to those of E. coli Production of eukaryotic proteins that are modified after synthesis (posttranslational modification) Safe (used for centuries to produce foods)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)
Uses similar to those of E. coli Production of eukaryotic proteins that are modified after synthesis (posttranslational modification) Safe (used for centuries to produce foods)
Uses similar to those of E. coli
Production of eukaryotic proteins that are modified after synthesis (posttranslational modification)
Safe (used for centuries to produce foods)
Cultured plant or animal cells (e.g. tobacco, insect, and mammalian) Production of modified eukaryotic proteins of higher eukaryotes
Cultured plant or animal cells (e.g. tobacco, insect, and mammalian)
Production of modified eukaryotic proteins of higher eukaryotes
Vectors are used for:
1). cloning foreign gene(s) from a source organism
2). introducing foreign genes into cells
3). maintaining foreign genes in cells via replication
4). expression of foreign genes in cells
I. Viral Vectors
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and depend on their host cell for replication of thier genetic material and synthesis of viral proteins
II. Plasmids
-Most vectors have been modified by genetic engineering to make them more useful and some are specialized for specific tasks
Ex. Cloning vectors Expression vectors
Ex. Cloning vectors
Expression vectors
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