Zoology 220B
Diversity of Animal Life-Vertebrates
First Hour Exam, Summer 1999 Name_________________________
MAKE ALL YOUR RESPONSES ON THE ANSWER SHEET USING A #2 PENCIL. BE SURE TO FILL IN NAME AND IDENTIFICATION NUMBER.
MULTIPLE CHOICE: (choose the one best answer) [2 points each].
1. The earliest fossil vertebrates first appear in the geological time period referred to as the:
a) Ordovician, b) Devonian, c) Cambrian, or d) Jurassic.
2. Jawless fishes first appear in the geological time scale about: a) 408 million years B.P., b) 505 million years B.P., c) 590-600 million years B.P., or d) 208 million years B.P.
3. The earliest fossil birds first appear in the geological time period referred to as the: a) Triassic, b) Cretaceous, c) Jurassic, d) Permian.
4. The total number of extant vertebrate species known and described since 1758 stands at approximately: a) 49,953 species, b) 42,670 species, c) 63,353 species, or d) 35,400 species.
5. The total number of extant bird species known in the world is near: a) 8,600 species, b) 4,000 species, c) 9,000 species, or d) 26,000 species.
6. Species, according to the "Reproductive Definition," are: a) the smallest recognizable units having an independent future, b) morphologically similar, c) reproductively isolated from members of other species, or d) individuals that share a common gene pool.
7. The distinguished biologist most closely identified with the above correct answer is:
a) Theodosius Dobzhansky, b) Ernst Mayr, c) George Gaylord Simpson, or d) Donn Eric Rosen
8. Shared derived traits of the Phylum Chordata include: a) notochord, pharyngeal pouches, two layers of skin (dermis and epidermis), b) pharyngeal pouches, post-anal tail, vertebrae, c) notochord, post-anal tail, paired kidneys, or d) notochord, pharyngeal pouches, post-anal tail.
9. In Cephalochordates, the pharynx functions as a: a) filter-feeding device, b) respiratory device, c) anti-predator device, or d) none of the preceding.
10. Urochordates reproduce by: a) normal bisexual reproduction and occasional gynogenesis, b) asexual budding and a monoecious cross-fertilization system, c) asexual budding and a dioecious self-fertilizing system, or d) gynogenesis and asexual budding.
11. The notochord is replaced in gnathostomes by: a) the spinal cord, b) the vertebral column, c) myomeres, or d) none of the preceding.
12. Examples of paedomorphosis in which adult descendents have features characteristic of earlier stages of development in their ancestors include: a) ammocoete larva of lamprey and adult amphioxus (lancelet), b) larvacean tunicates and the tadpole larva of other urochordates, c) gilled adults of the mudpuppy and gilled larvae of other salamanders, d) all of the preceding.
13. Shared derived traits of the Subphylum Vertebrata include: a) cranium, vertebrae, paired cephalic sense organs, b) vertebrae, pharyngeal pouches, post-anal tail, c) cranium, paired kidneys with tubular nephrons, hollow spinal chord, or d) none of the preceding.
14. Characteristics of all fishes include: a) living in water, unpaired fins, external pharyngeal gills, b) living in salt water, internal pharyngeal gills, paired fins, c) scales, vertebrae, fins, living in water, d) none of the preceding.
15. Which of the following sets of reproductive modes are known in fishes: a) oviparity, viviparity, gynogenesis, b) asexual budding, protandrous hermaphroditism, ovoviviparity, c) unisexuality, self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, asexual budding, or d) none of the preceding.
16. Lampreys and Hagfishes are grouped by zoologists into the Superclass Agnatha because: a) both groups look like eels, b) both groups have unpaired fins, c) both groups lack true jaws derived from the gill arches, d) both groups share the ammocoete larval stage, a uniquely derived trait.
17. The following information is now correctly known about the reproductive biology of Hagfishes: a) external fertilization, large eggs that are few in number, coiled copulatory behavior, b) internal fertilization, small eggs numbering in the hundreds, spawning in burrows, c) external fertilization, large eggs that are few in number, ammocoete larval stage, or d) none of the preceding.
18. Lamprey spawning includes: a) male copulatory organ, internal fertilization, small eggs numbering in the thousands, coiled copulatory behavior, b) external fertilization, nest building, male head attached to female head by sucking disc, small eggs numbering in the thousands, no parental care, c) internal fertilization, nest building, no parental care, adult post-spawning death, or d) none of the preceding.
19. Unique characteristics of Chondrichthyans include: a) placoid scales, spiracles, male claspers, cartilaginous endoskeleton, b) 5-7 gill clefts, male claspers, placoid scales, ampullae of Lorenzini, c) male claspers, placoid scales, 3 pairs of semicircular canals, paired fins, or d) continuous tooth replacement, placoid scales, both upper and lower jaws, blind olfactory pouches.
20. The three most acute senses used by sharks in locating prey, especially at night, include: a) hearing, olfaction, vision, b) olfaction, vibration sensitivity, electroreception, c) hearing, olfaction, vibration sensitivity, d) vision, olfaction, touch.
21. In their reproductive biology, Chondrichthyans share a number of traits important to their continued survival. These include: a) male claspers, external fertilization, oviparity, long gestation, early maturation, b) male claspers, oviparity, viviparity, long gestation, late maturation, c) male claspers, spermatophores, internal fertilization, large number of young produced, hermaphrodistim, or d) none of the preceding.
22. The phrase "Success of Teleosts (or Actinopterygians)" is referring to their: a) tremendous species diversity and general abundance, b) their general ability to produce successful generations of offspring despite worldwide fishing pressure, c) their capacity to dominate the world's varied aquatic environments, or d) all of the preceding.
23. Ichthyology is the: a) scientific study of fishes, b) scientific study of ichthyos, or the benthic layers of the ocean, c) scientific study of all aquatic organisms, or d) scientific study of cetaceans.
24. Compared to other fishes, a derived trait of some teleosts would be: a) ampullae of Lorenzini, b) ganoid scales, c) spines, d) lungs, e) Weberian ossicles.
25. The number of species of sharks, skates, rays, and ratfishes in marine environments today is approximately: a) 200, b) 400, c) 600, d) 800, e) 1000
TRUE-FALSE: (mark "A" if your answer is true; mark "B" if your answer is false) [1 point each].
26. Some zoological names (i.e., family, genus, and species groups) are regulated by an international agreement among zoologists.
27. Actinopterygians often produce more young during a single spawning event than do Chondrichthyans.
28. A pneumatic duct is present in fishes with physostomous gas bladders.
29. The first true mammals are reported from rocks of Triassic age.
30. Derived characters are those traits of animals that are different (or the opposite) from the ancestral condition.
31. All Urochordates eventually transform from the larval stage and become sessile and colonial as adults.
32. The larval stage of Cephalochordates is referred to by the technical term ‘amphioxus.’
33. Hagfish do not have vertebrae formed from arcualia.
34. The term ovoviviparous refers to the laying of eggs outside the female’s body.
35. Sharks range in size as adults from about 6 inches to 60 feet, but average about 6 feet in length.
36. Ammocoetes are, in reality, intestinal worms.
37. Some sharks are oviparous with the eggs fertilized externally.
38. Gas bladders are ventral outgrowths of the oral cavity.
39. All vertebrates classified as "fishes" occur in an aquatic medium.
40. Cladograms are the family trees used in phylogenetic systematics
41. A synapomorphic trait is equivalent to a shared-derived character
MATCHING: (choose the one best answer per question from the list at the right of each set) [2 points each].
42. The theory and practice of describing and A. Taxonomy
classifying species. B. Linnaean hierarchy
43. The process by which new species arise C. Systematics
44. The scientific study of organic diversity with D. Speciation
the goal of inferring phylogenies E. Nomenclature
45. The system of names given to taxa of organisms G. Phylogeny
46. Any group of animals formally recognized in a H. Taxon
classification
47. A system of 5 classification levels used in the Systema Naturae
48. An inferred history of evolutionary descent
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49. When adult parasitic lampreys feed, they commonly eat A. Algae, diatoms
50. When adult Cephalochordates feed, they commonly eat B. Plankton
51. When adult Whale Sharks feed, they commonly eat C. Blood and body fluids of
living fish
52. When adult Great White Sharks feed, they commonly eat D. Dead or dying vertebrates
53. When adult Hagfishes feed, they commonly eat E. Living vertebrates
_______________________________________________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE: (choose the one best answer) [2 points each].
54. Which of the following zoological names are in the correct format: a) Rana Catesbiana;
b) Etheostoma henryi; c) hyla versicolor; d) Ambystoma tigrinum.
55. The type-locality of a named zoological entity is: a) the location where the species is most common; b) the place where the type specimen was collected; c) the location where "typical" looking individuals of the species occur; d) none of the preceding.
56. Binominal nomenclature is: a) a two-name naming system; b) a two-word naming system; c) a bastardization of binomial nomenclature; d) a system of giving each species a name consisting of two parts: generic name and specific epithet; e) a and d; f) b and c.
57. Which of the following statements is true: a) Rana pipiens is a member of the category Ranidae; b) Rana pipiens is a member of the family Ranidae.
58. The formal name of the larval stage of lampreys is: a) amphioxus; b) ammocoete; c) fingerling; d) minny.
Zoology 220B
Diversity of Animal Life--Vertebrates
2nd Hour Exam, Spring 1999 Name_______________________________
MAKE ALL YOUR RESPONSES ON THE ANSWER SHEET USING A #2 PENCIL. BE SURE TO FILL IN NAME AND IDENTIFICATION NUMBER.
MULTIPLE CHOICE: (choose the one best answer) [2 pts. each]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. The radiation of freshwater fishes onto all of the continental land masses (except at the poles) is thought to have occurred while Pangaea was nearly complete in the: a) Cambrian; b) Ordovician; c) Devonian; or d) Triassic.
7. Pangaea had fragmented into Laurasia and Gondwanaland by: a) late Pennsylvanian; b) early Jurassic; c) mid-Triassic; d) late Cretaceous.
8. The earth's crust (lithosphere) consists of: a) a few major rocky plates and several smaller ones; b) a thickly plastic mantle that produces hot lava at spreading centers in the ocean; c) approximately 7 major plates that constantly cause friction with the 5 oceanic plates; d) sandy sublayers that allow for exchange of dangerous gases between the earth's core and our atmosphere.
9. Some obvious results of continental drift might include: a) range extensions of animals; b) geographic separation of species; c) radical changes in climate; d) all of the preceding.
10. The term used to describe the food habits of most anuran tadpoles is: a) frugivorous; b) nectivorous; c) algivorous; d) herbivorous; e) none of the preceding.
11. In anurans successful fertilization of eggs is accomplished by: a) amplexus and cloacal apposition; b) amplexus and internal fertilization through the phallodeum; c) amplexus and the use of spermatophores; d) rubbing of hedonic glands and internal fertilization along a groove in the tail.
12. Apodans (Gymniophiona) are: a) an order of reptiles referred to as "naked snakes"; b) anuran tadpoles; c) an order of amphibians referred to as caecilians; d) close relatives of amphisbaenians, but of uncertain taxonomic position.
13. The earliest amphibians almost certainly have their ancestry among: a) sarcopterygian fishes; b) porolepiform fishes of the Devonian; c) Osteichthyan fishes of the Silurian; d) crossopterygian fishes of the upper Ordovician.
14. Marine teleost (Osteichthyes or Actinopterygii) fishes are: a) hyperosmotic; b) hyposmotic; c) isosmotic; d) none of the preceding.
15. The rectal gland in sharks secretes: a) urea; b) sodium ions; c) ammonia; d) uric acid.
16. Body fluids are maintained more concentrated than the surrounding water in: a) hagfishes; b) sea snakes; c) marine teleosts (Osteichthyes); d) none of the preceding.
17. Pelagic sea birds have no access to fresh water. Their urine is less concentrated than sea water. Adaptations are: a) they excrete sodium and chloride ions from nasal glands; b) they excrete little water in their urine; c) they excrete uric acid; d) all of the preceding; e) none of the preceding.
18. Vampire bats feed only on blood. To cope with excessive weight and water after feeding, they: a) sleep it off; b) excrete copious, dilute urine while feeding; c) visit nearby ponds and cool themselves down; d) none of the preceding.
19. Freshwater teleost (Osteichthyes) fishes: a) do not drink water; b) produce copious, dilute urine; c) excrete sodium and chloride ions from gill glands; d) none of the preceding; e) all of the preceding; f) only a and b are correct.
20. African lungfish regulate their water balance during aestivation by: a) excreting copious urine rich in ammonia; b) excreting urea and retaining it in the body; c) excreting urea into the surrounding mud cocoon; d) producing sodium and chloride ions in the cloaca.
MATCHING: (choose the one best answer per question from the list at the right) [2 points each]
MULTIPLE CHOICE: (choose the one best answer) [2 pts. each]
28. The number of amphibian species in the world today is approximately: a) 1000; b) 2000; c) 4000; d) 8000; e) 16,000.
29. Amphibians are characterized by having: a) heavily keratinized skin; b) skin rich in glands that secrete mucus and other substances; c) having tiny epidermal scales; d) skin impermeable to water and salt ions; e) highly spontaneous activity and metabolism; f) all of the preceding; g) none of the preceding.
30. The process of metamorphosis in amphibians involves: a) thyrotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus; b) pepsin from the adrenal glands; c) vitamin G from the parathyroids; d) ion loss from the kidney; e) all of the preceding; f) none of the preceding.
31. Amphibians first appear in the fossil record in: a) Late Cambrian (ca. 520 mybp); b) Devonian (ca. 380 mybp); c) Pennsylvanian (ca. 300 mybp); d) Triassic (ca. 240 mybp); e) Jurassic (ca. 180 mybp); f) Late Cretaceous (ca. 67 mybp).
32. During metamorphosis, frogs typically: a) shed the skin and tail; b) increase the relative length of the digestive tract; c) develop epithelial teeth; d) develop paired limbs; e) all of the preceding; f) none of the preceding.
TRUE-FALSE: (mark "A" if your answer is true; mark "B" is your answer is false). [1 point each]
33. The present location of the Earth’s continents is the result of plate tectonics and the breakup of a single large land mass called Pangaea.
34. Most amphibian species are anurans.
35. Vertebrate animals are osmoregulators as well as ion regulators.
36. Metamorphosis occurs in all amphibians because they must shift from the aquatic environment of larval development to the terrestrial environment of adult life.
37. External fertilization is typical of frogs and toads whereas internal fertilization is typical of salamanders.
38.
39. Aquatic animals that easily tolerate variation in the salinity of their surrounding water are considered stenohaline organisms.
40. Predator defense is one of the possible functions of mucus secreted from the skin of amphibians.
41. Paedomorphosis is evident in mudpuppies.
42. Some amphibians have an extensible tongue that is used to capture prey.
MATCHING: (choose the one best answer per question from the list at the right of each set). [2 points each]
43. Eggs of caecilians are fertilized in A. Oral birth
B. Foam nest
44. The site of fertilization for eggs of the hellbender is C. Vocal pouch of female
D. Phallodeum
45. Item placed on substrate by male salamanders E. Spermatophore
F. Open water without nest
46. Tailed frog eggs are fertilized in G. On leaf surface
H. Female’s cloaca or oviduct
47. Male ranid frogs fertilize eggs in I. Gravel depression under rock J. pits on their back
48. The intromittent organ of the male caecilian is the
49. Female Surinam toad’s carry their eggs in
50. Female Rheobatrachus are the only frogs to practice
MULTIPLE CHOICE: (choose the one best answer) [2 pts. each]
51. Subduction zones are: a) those regions where hot molten rock reaches the mid-ocean ridges; b) where oceanic plates meet continental plates and slide under them at steep angles; c) part of the thickly plastic mantle that carries the earth’s plates; d) zones of convectional currents that add new crust to the lithosphere.
52. The continental plate that includes North America has been drifting westward away from Europe and Africa at a rate of: a) 8 inches/year; b) 8 cm/year; c) 8 mm/year; d) 8 m/year.
53. The geographical distribution of lungfishes (Sarcopterygii) is one the best examples zoologists have of: a) the oceanic dispersal hypothesis; b) the continental drift hypothesis; c) the panbiogeography hypothesis; d) none of the preceding.
54. One of the biggest problems with using continental drift as a hypothesis to explain the present-day distributions of vertebrates is: a) most of the groups used as examples are not geologically old enough to have been present during the breakup of Gondwana; b) the timing of the breakup of Gondwana has never been accurately dated; c) the geological and oceanographic evidence for drifting continents is weak; d) all of the preceding.
55. Pangaea included: a) only the northern continents of Europe, Asia, and North America; b) only the southern continents of Africa, Australia, and South America; c) all of the continental land masses; d) the oceanic plates plus Gondwanaland.