Diversity of Animal Life--Vertebrates
3rd Hour Exam, Spring 1999 Name_______________________________
MAKE ALL YOUR RESPONSES ON THE ANSWER SHEET USING A #2 PENCIL. BE SURE TO FILL IN NAME AND IDENTIFICATION NUMBER.
MULTIPLE CHOICE: (choose the one best answer) [2 pts. each]
1) Heliothermy in reptiles refers to: a) generation of heat produced internally by metabolic activities; b) a repertoire of behaviors generally known as "behavioral thermoregulation"; c) external body temperature identical to internal body temperature; d) ability to raise body temperature by absorbing convectional heat currents from hot rocks.
2) Male crocodilians successfully fertilize eggs through an intromittent organ referred to as:
a) phallodeum; b) gonopodium; c) penis; d) hemipenes.
3) The cleidoic egg shell: a) prevents dessication of the embryo; b) maintains spherical shape of the ovum; c) provides mechanical protection to the developing embryo; d) all of the preceding.
4) One of the few skin glands found in birds is the: a) mucous; b) uropygial; c) femoral, d) syryngeal.
5) Body temperatures of birds are in the range of : a) 60-70 F; b) 100-103 F; c) 110-120 F; d) 80-84 F.
6. All except [a) oviparity; b) keeled sternum; c) relatively large heart; d) bone fusions] are considered to be avian adaptations for flight.
7. 60% of all birds belong to the order: a) Galliformes; b) Anseriformes; c) Passeriformes; d) Piciformes.
8. The correlation between bird body size and clutch size is: a) the larger the bird, the larger the clutch; b) the larger the bird, the smaller the clutch; c) the smaller the clutch, the shorter the lifespan; d) none of the preceding.
9. The term uricotelic refers to: a) method of salt excretion; b) type of nitrogenous waste; c) shape of the tail; d) metabolic rate.
10. Not peculiarities of the bird respiratory system are: a) interclavicular air sacs; b) "flow-through" lungs; c) blind gas-exchange sacs called alveoli; d) pneumatic bones.
11. Which of the following is not an advantage of bird migration? a) invertebrate food is more abundant at higher latitudes; b) there are fewer competitors at higher latitudes; c) days are shorter at higher latitudes; d) maintenance energy costs are lower at higher latitudes.
12. Worldwide, the number of extant crocodilian species is approximately A) 12, B) 19, C) 25, D) 120, E) 200, F) 400, G) 1000
13. To raise body temperature, behavioral thermoregulation is commonly used by: A) pond turtles, B) sea snakes, C) moles, D) robins, E) all of the above, F) none of the above
14. An example of a heterothermic animal is a: A) sunfish, B) human being, C) chicken, D) hummingbird, E) amphisbaenid reptile, F) all of the above, G) none of the above
15. The ability of some sharks and tunas to elevate the temperature in parts of their body is called: A) ectothermy, B) endothermy, C) poikilothermic thermoregulation, D) homeothermic thermoregulation, E) behavioral thermoregulation, F) thermomorphic diapause, G) all of the above, H) none of the above
16. Extinction of dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous has been attributed to: A) asteroid impact, B) volcanic activity, C) cooler and more variable climate, D) lowered sea level, E) all of the preceding, F) none of the preceding.
17. A gull standing on ice in the winter allows blood in the feet to be near 0°C; yet the blood returning from the feet warms in the upper leg to near core body temperature through the use of: A) downy feathers, B) nuclear generator, C) counter-current heat exchanger, D) radiator in the metatarsus, E) behavioral thermoregulation, F) none of the preceding.
18. A reptile listed as endangered in Illinois is the: A) alligator, B) spotted turtle, C) eastern box turtle D) broadhead skink, E) rat snake, F) all of the preceding, G) none of the preceding.
19. The age of reptiles is: A) Paleozoic, B) Miocene, C) Pliocene, D) Giraffic, E) Devonian, F) Carboniferous, G) none of the preceding.
20. Besides feathers and wing development, evolutionary adaptations for avian flight include: A) body mass reductions, B) structural strengthening, C) power increases, D) increased sensory input, E) all of the preceding, F) none of the preceding.
21. We would expect the number of reptile species in Illinois to be close to the number found in: A) Louisiana and Florida, B) Minnesota and Wisconsin, C) Mississippi and Alabama, D) Manitoba and Saskatchewan, E) Missouri and Indiana, F) none of the preceding.
22. Pterosaurs are extinct: A) flying reptiles, B) bipedal herbivores, C) quadrupedal carnivores, quadrupedal herbivores, E) examples of therapods, F) none of the preceding.
23. Birds are able to grasp things in their feet because one toe is rear oriented and thus apposable to the others; it is called the: A) furcula, B) hallux, C) pygostyle, D) ischium, E) synsacrum, F) none of the above
24. Navigation by birds may utilize A) magnetic fields, B) position of celestial bodies, C) landmarks, D) all of the preceding, E) none of the preceding.
MATCHING: (choose the one best answer per question from the list at the right). [2 points each]
25. nearest ancestors of birds A. Lepidosauria
26. highly modified for aquatic life B. Pterosauria
27. flying archosaurs C. theropods
28. mainly herbivorous, heavily armored; D. Synapsida
some bipedal; pelvis like a bird E. Plesiosaurs
29. includes ancestors of mammals G. Ornithischia
Correlate the primary excretory product of reptiles with habitat. [1 point each]
Product Habitat
30. urea A. Aquatic
31. uric acid B. Arid terrestrial
32. ammonia C. Damp terrestrial
33. heat production A. ectothermy
34. basking B. thermoregulation
35. changeable body temperature C. homeothermy
36. body heat generated internally D. endothermy
37. body temperature remains constant E. behavioral thermoregulation
38. body heat obtained from environment F. poikilothermy
Try a few questions on mating systems [1 point each]
40. reciprocal mutual attachment A. polygamy
41. female having more than one male mate B. monogamy
42. no pair bond established C. clutch
43. number of eggs produced
D. promiscuity
44. eyes open, feathered, mobile, alert
E. precocial
45. leave nest soon after hatching F. altricial
G. nidicolous
H. nidifugous
I. polyandry
J. monotony
TRUE-FALSE: (mark "A" if your answer is true; mark "B" if your answer is false) [2 points each]
46. Because of having relatively more surface area for their size, tiny endothermic organisms tend to loose more body heat in cold weather compared to large organisms.
47. Turtles exhibit external fertilization, whereas other reptiles have internal fertilization.
48. Eggs laid by birds and reptiles have a shell, large ovum, yolk, albumin, and three extra-embryonic membranes.
49. In at least some reptiles, sperm stored in the female after mating can be used years later for fertilizing eggs.
50. Like reptiles, birds have nucleated red blood cells, a single occipital condyle, and one ear bone (columella).
51. All extant bird species have feathers and lay eggs, but not all can fly.
52. Oxygen-rich air passes through the bird lung both on inhalation as well as on exhalation.
53. Birds lack scales or other keratinized protective covering on their body.
54. The keeled sternum of birds is the attachment place of powerful wing muscles.
55. Among vertebrates, migrations of longer than 100 miles are known to occur only in birds and whales.
56. Basking is a means to elevate body temperature to a range where physiological processes can best operate.
57. Cold-blooded animals are unable to survive temperatures below 0°C (32°F).
58. Like chickens, some dinosaurs swallowed small rocks (gastroliths) to assist their stomach in grinding tough food items.