First Hour Exam, Fall 1995

1. Match the following individuals (on the right) with their ideas, major works, or major contributions to the history of systematics or zoogeography (on the left). [16 points]

____responsible, in part, for revival of zoology                               A. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)

after the Middle Ages                                                                        B. Aristotle (384-322 B. C.)

                                                                                                          C. Alphonse de Candolle (1818-1896)

____author of Systema Naturae                                                        D. Ernst Haeckel (1834-1879)

                                                                                                          E. Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)

____recognized 6 new classes of invertebrate                                   F. Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859)

animals at a rank equal to that of the                                                 G. Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

vertebrates                                                                                        H. Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753)

                                                                                                          I. Guillame Rondelet (1507-1566)

____well known English explorer and benefactor

of museums

____outstanding explorer-naturalist who was among

the first to quantify the role of climate in the

distribution of plants and animals

____first to produce a "tree of life"

____father of zoogeography and contrtibutor to immense

knowledge of the fauna of the East Indies

____responsible for scalae naturae or the "great chain of being"

2. Place the terms publication, availability, occupancy, validity, and identifiability in their proper hierarchical sequence from the most-inclusive to the least inclusive terms. [5 points]

3. Identify and explain the three primary objectives of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature [6 points]

a.

b.

c.

4. Hyla speciosa Cook 1960 is believed by Holmes (1970) to be congeneric with Alosa speciosa Redmer 1950. Holmes (1970) labels Hyla speciosa Cook as a junior secondary homonym of Alosa speciosa Redmer and proposes a replacement name Alosa flava Holmes. Later, Boles (1993) splits Hyla from Alosa. What is the fate of Hyla speciosa Cook and Alosa flava Holmes, at least according to Boles (1993)? [8 points]

Hyla speciosa?

Alosa flava?

5. True/False [10 points]

_____a specimen removed from a series of syntypes to serve as the name-bearer (i.e., the onomatophore) is referred to as the cleptotype

_____genus-group names are fixed by a type subgenus

_____binomial means two terms which are not necessarily names

_____subjective synonyms are based on the same type

_____species-group names include the genus and specific epithet

_____species group names must be based on adults only

_____the zoological name Pongo pygmaeus is an example of a tautonym

_____subfamily names always end in -ini.

_____classification is an inductive process

_____a genus originally described for only one species is fixed by monotypy

6. Peromyscus maniculatus was originally described from Carbondale, Illinois, in 1935 by Bob Shoop. Peromyscus leucopus was originally described from Gainesville, Florida, in 1942 by Carter Gilbert. The ranges of these two taxa overlap in southern Mississippi and as of 1993 are considered conspecific although probably subspecifically distinct. Create acceptable subspecies names for the two taxa including their proper date, authorship and type locality. [6 points]

7. Match the following 20th century zoologists (on the right) with their major work, idea, or contribution to systematics or zoogeography (on the left). [10 points]

____biological species concept A. Alfred Wegener (1880-1930)

B. Philip Darlington (1904-1981)

____relationships of animals must be based on C. Ernst Mayr (1904- )

genealogy D. George G. Simpson (1902-1984)

E. Willi Hennig (1913-1976)

____major proponent of a static earth and F. Gareth Nelson (1940- )

"centers of origin" in zoogeography G. Robert Sokal (1926- )

____major early proponent of the theory of

continental drift

____primary founder of the school of numerical

taxonomy

8. Define, characterize, or identify the following: [14 points]

nomina dubia:

paraphyletic taxon (you must illustrate with a tree diagram):

homoplasy:

category:

vicariance (you must illustrate with a diagram):

9. Suppose the genera Elops, type leptocephalus 1935, and Mus, type musculus 1945 are to be merged. Shortly after their merging they are subdivided subgenerically with stictogaster 1920, cymatotaenia 1930 and leptocephalus 1935 forming one subgenus, evides 1952 and musculus 1945 forming the other. Create an acceptable full species name, using the subgeneric name, for each of these five species, assuming that all epithets are valid. [10 points]

10. Jordan lists the blacknose dace as Rhinichthys atronasus (Mitchell). Mitchell described it in 1815 as Cyprinus atronasus. However, it was found that this species was described by Hermann in 1804 as Cyprinus atratulus. Modern ichthyologists consider it as belonging to the genus Rhinichthys. What would be the corret name for this fish, and how would the author's name be cited? [5 points]

11. An ignorant freshman zoology student approaches you in the hallway and asks "How is it that the scientific names of familiar species such as the rainbow trout change?" You immediately respond with.....[5 points]

12. Fill in the blank. [5 points]

The type of a species-group name is a ________________________.

The type of a genus-group name is a _________________________.

The type of a family-group name is a _________________________.

Two examples of name-bearing types at the species level include______________________ and _______________________.