Zoology 405

Systematic Zoology & Zoogeography Name___________________________

Second Hour Exam, Fall 1992

1. Systematic collections are of extraordinary value to biologists. List four (4) distinct 'values' of collections (4 pts).

2. Define phyletic speciation (2 pts.), and briefly list three (3) problems with recognizing phyletic speciation as a viable mode of speciation (5 pts. total).

Definition:

4. What are the four (4) tenets (main ideas) of essentialism as applied to species (4 pts)?

5. Define subspecies and list two (2) problems with the concept (7 pts).

Definition:

6. Matching (20 pts)

_____ pattern of speciation is dichotomous A. Model III Allopatric Speciation (Asexual Species)

_____ time to differentiation may be long B. Model II Allopatric Speciation (Peripheral Isolates)

_____ new species initially appear at the margins of C. Sympatric Speciation

ancestral species' range D. Model I Allopatric Speciation (Vicariance)

_____ pattern of speciation is polychotomous

_____ range of ancestral species may be estimated by

adding the ranges of the daughter species

_____ disjunction results in differentiation because gene

flow ceases across the disjunction

_____ original ancestral species is unaffected by the

speciation event

_____ speciation may occur at any point within the range

of the ancestral species

_____ physical separation of two relatively large populations

of a single ancestral species and attainment of

lineage independence by these large populations

_____ new species produced with no geographic segregation

of populations

7. List three (3) major effects of Pleistocene glaciation on North American plants and animals (6 pts).

8. According to Dr. Brandon's lecture, what are three (3) attributes of species as we curently understand them (6 pts)?

8. What, where, and when was Beringia? Provide biological evidence for the zoogeographic significance of Beringia (10 pts)

9. By use of a diagram show the difference between dispersal and vicariance. Why is it so important to make this distinction? Provide a hypothetical or real example of "dispersal zoogeography" and "vicariance zoogeography" (10 pts).

10. Define the following (2 pts. each):

Reductive Speciation--

Cline--

Polytypic species--

11. Matching (6 pts)

_____ arrow and Niangua darters A. Prairie Peninsula relict

_____ banded sculpin B. Ranges show evidence of stream capture

_____ northern studfish C. Central Highlands endemic

_____ bigmouth shiner D. Climatic Optimum relict

_____ arrow and emerald darters E. Trans-Mississippian vicariants

_____ ironcolor shiner F. Only species with range that connects

Ozark and Eastern Highlands

12. True/False (16 pts)

_____ evolutionary species are lineages

_____ nominalistic species are real universals

_____ biological species are reproductive communities isolated from others

_____ biological species are multidimensional

_____ phylogenetic species are the largest diagnosable clusters of individuals that display reproductive cohesion

_____ hybrid zones that interfere with identity and fate are allowed for under the Evolutionary Species Concept

_____ reproductive isolation under the Biological Species Concept is most often measured using morphological gaps

_____ the phylogenetic species concept encompasses asexual species